Experiments reported by Alex N. Nguyen Ba et al. in a paper titled “High-resolution lineage tracking reveals traveling waves of adaptation in laboratory yeast” in Nature.
As this series cover from low-dimensional to high-dimensional, from linear to nonlinear, a continuous system is finally capable of generating and we finally have enough background knowledge to talk about chaos.
Because high-dimensional space is difficult to understand intuitively (von Neumann and his sister: we don’t), high-dimensional dynamics generally discusses linear systems first, and then regards the effects of nonlinearity as distortions of linear systems.
Phase portraits are often used to describe the qualitative and semi-quantitative behavior of dynamical systems, such as stationary points and their stability.
The ultimate goal of dynamics is to give a function of the physical quantity of interest changing with time, where time is at least one of the independent variables of this function.
This book calls multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells "complex life", and believes that this form of life originated from an event that "happened only once in history" - mitochondrial "endosymbiosis" - an archaea cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium, and then the two survived together. The former and the latter evolved into modern eukaryotic cells together, and the latter evolved into mitochondria in eukaryotic cells.